Chapter 1: Introduction to Biochemistry

• Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy.
• Cell and its biochemical organization.

Chapter 2: Carbohydrates

• Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties.
• Monosaccharides – the Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• Disaccharides – the structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose.
• Polysaccharides – chemical nature of starch and glycogen.
• Qualitative tests and the biological role of carbohydrates.

Chapter 3: Proteins

• Definition and classification of proteins, based on composition and solubility with examples.
• Definition and classification of amino acids, based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples.
• Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure).
• Qualitative tests and the biological role of proteins and amino acids.
• Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.

Chapter 4: Lipids

• Definition, classification with examples.
• Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats).
• Fatty acid classification – Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples.
• Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body.
• Lipoproteins – types, composition and functions in the body.
• Qualitative tests and functions of lipids.

Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids

• Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases.
• Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples.
• Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions.

Chapter 6: Enzymes

• Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification.
• Factors affecting enzyme activity.
• Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors.
• Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes.

Chapter 7: Vitamins

• Definition and classification with examples.

• Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat- and water-soluble vitamins.

Chapter 8: Metabolism

• Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates.
• Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia.
• Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and their significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.
• Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation

Chapter 9: Minerals

• Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements.

Chapter 10: Water and Electrolytes

• Distribution, and functions of water in the body.
• Water turnover and balance.
• The electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolytes and Electrolyte balance.
• Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy.

Chapter 11: Introduction to Biotechnology Chapter 12: Organ Function Tests

• Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidneys and their clinical significance.
• Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of the liver and their clinical significance.
• Lipid profile tests and their clinical significance.

Chapter 13: Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine

• Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease.
• Erythrocytes – Abnormal cells and their significance.
• Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance.