Biochemistry & Clinical Pathology
| CHAPTERS | TOPIC NAME |
| Chapter -1 Introduction to Biochemistry | Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy, Cell and its biochemical organization |
| Chapter -2 Carbohydrates | Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties |
| Monosaccharides – the Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose | |
| Disaccharides – the structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose | |
| Polysaccharides – chemical nature of starch and glycogen | |
| Qualitative tests and the biological role of carbohydrates | |
| Chapter -3 Proteins | Definition and classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples |
| Definition, and classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples | |
| Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure) | |
| Qualitative tests and the biological role of proteins and amino acids | |
| Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins. | |
| Chapter -4 Lipids | Definition, classification with examples |
| Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats) | |
| Fatty acid classification – Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples | |
| Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body | |
| Lipoproteins – types, composition and functions in the body Qualitative tests and functions of lipids | |
| Chapter -5 Nucleic Acids | Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples |
| Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions | |
| Chapter – 6 Enzymes | Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification |
| Factors affecting enzyme activity | |
| Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors | |
| Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes | |
| Chapter – 7 Vitamins | Definition and classification with examples Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, |
| deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins | |
| Chapter -8 Metabolism | Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates |
| Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia | |
| Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and their significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice. | |
| Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation | |
| Chapter – 9 Minerals | Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements |
| Chapter – 10 Water and Electrolytes | Distribution, and functions of water in the body Water turnover and balance The electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolytes and Electrolyte balance |
| Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy | |
| Chapter -11 | Introduction to Biotechnology |
| Chapter -12 Organ Function Tests | Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidneys and their clinical significance |
| Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of the liver and their clinical significance | |
| Lipid profile tests and their clinical significance | |
| Chapter -13 Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine | Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease |
| Erythrocytes – Abnormal cells and their significance | |
| Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance |