BP203 T. BIOCHEMISTRY (Theory)

UNIT I     

1. Biomolecules

Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins.

2. Bioenergetics

Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, Relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; Redox potential.

Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP

UNIT II        

1. Carbohydrate metabolism

  1. Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance.
  2. HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
  3. Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD) Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance.
  4. Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus.

2. Biological oxidation

  1. Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism.
  2. Oxidative   phosphorylation    &    its    mechanism    and    substrate phosphorylation.
  3. Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers level

UNIT III  

1. Lipid metabolism

  1. β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid).
  2. Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid).
  3. Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D.
  4. Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity.

2. Amino acid metabolism

  1. General     reactions     of     amino     acid     metabolism:     Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders.
  2. Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia).
  3. Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline.
  4. Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

UNIT IV 

Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer

  1. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
  2. Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease Organization of mammalian genome.
  3. Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions DNA replication (semi conservative model) Transcription or RNA synthesis.
  4. Genetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors

UNIT V

Enzymes

  1. Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot).
  2. Enzyme inhibitors with examples.
  3. Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allosteric enzymes regulation.
  4. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes Coenzymes –Structure and biochemical functions.