Chapter 1: Introduction to Biochemistry

• Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy
  • Cell and its biochemical organization

Chapter 2: Carbohydrates

• Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties
  • Monosaccharides – the Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose
  • Disaccharides – the structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose
  • Polysaccharides – chemical nature of starch and glycogen
  • Qualitative tests and the biological role of carbohydrates

Chapter 3: Proteins

• Definition and classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples
  • Definition, and classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples
  • Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)
  • Qualitative tests and the biological role of proteins and amino acids
  • Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.

Chapter 4: Lipids

• Definition, classification with examples
  • Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)
  • Fatty acid classification – Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples
  • Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body
  • Lipoproteins – types, composition and functions in the body
  • Qualitative tests and functions of lipids

Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids

• Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
  • Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples
  • Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions

Chapter 6: Enzymes

• Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification
  • Factors affecting enzyme activity
  • Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors
  • Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes

Chapter 7: Vitamins

• Definition and classification with examples

• Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins

Chapter 8: Metabolism

• Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates
  • Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia
  • Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and their significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.
  • Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation

Chapter 9: Minerals

• Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements

Chapter 10: Water and Electrolytes

• Distribution, and functions of water in the body
  • Water turnover and balance
  • The electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolytes and Electrolyte balance
  • Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy

Chapter 11: Introduction to Biotechnology Chapter 12: Organ Function Tests

• Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidneys and their clinical significance
  • Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of the liver and their clinical significance
  • Lipid profile tests and their clinical significance

Chapter 13: Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine

• Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease
  • Erythrocytes – Abnormal cells and their significance
  • Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance